Do All Small Engines Have Oil Filters

This Isn't Your Grandpa's Engine Oil

A great deal of research and new technology accept avant-garde the fields of oil lubrication and contagion through oil filters. If you still think (equally many do), that "All oil filters practice the aforementioned thing, so why pay more for a make proper noun?" then it may be time to reconsider.

Lubrication inquiry continues to better how lubricants (such as oils) protect moving parts, increase fuel economy, and extend the life of your engine. The lubrication industry has continually upwards­graded the quality of engine crankcase oils, grease (chassis, wheel bearings), manual fluids, hydraulic fluids, gear oils, and brake fluids.

The thought that all oils are the aforementioned implies that a slice of equipment built v years ago requires the same lubricants as the aforementioned type of equipment existence congenital today. Merely fuel conservation, lower emissions, new materials, and meliorate manufacturing (tighter equipment tolerances) all combine to require specialized oils and filters for today's equipment that older models did not have.

As lubrication needs take evolved, trucks, planters, harvesters, sprayers, trailers, and engines depend on the proper oil to go on internal parts operating and performance properly within the equipment specifications. As equipment specifications change, manufacturer's design and upgrade oil lubricants to meet the new demands. That'south why it is important to identify and select the proper oil and filter based on the equipment manufacturer rather than basing your selection on cost.

Performance and compatibility must come starting time; price should come second.

While lubricants and filters may expect similar and be packaged alike, remember that information technology's what you don't see within the product that allows information technology to perform a certain way. Separating products that perform well from those that do not perform as well can be challenging, be­crusade the technical information is conveyed in a coded linguistic communication consisting of numbers and abbreviations. These numbers and abbreviations are the manufacture standards that lubricant manufacturers employ when they build their products.

The purpose of this article is to demystify these numbers and abbreviations so that you lot will be able to distinguish the differences between oils and oil filters. Understanding these terms will help you lot cull the all-time (which is not always the cheapest or even the nearly expensive) engine oils and oil filters for your equipment and application. In the long run, choosing the correct oil and filter will increase equipment reliability, raise operating operation, lower maintenance costs, and extend your equipment's service life.

Showtime (and End) With the Owner's Manual

The key to selecting the right lubricants for your equipment begins and ends with the owner's manual. Whether you have a half million-dollar piece of farm machinery or a 300-dollar engine lawn mower, you should utilize the lubricants the manufacturer recommends and change or utilize them when they specify. It is critical to follow owner'due south manual instructions, specially while the equipment is still under warranty. Failing to follow the recommendations can void the warranty.

Engine Oils Offer Multiple Benefits

Retailers have shelves filled with multiple brands of engine oils. Each manufacturer claims their production offers 1 reward or another over the competitors. Most engine oils, however, are similar in that they are designed to encounter basic engine specifications, such as:

• How quickly the oil can lubricate the moving parts in a common cold engine
• How well they protect parts at higher engine temperatures
• How shortly they pause downward
• The recommend interval between oil changes

Conventional engine oils begin life every bit crude oil pumped from hole-and-corner reservoirs. Raw crude contains impurities that need to be removed and crave farther refinement to go the oil to a specific viscosity. Conventional engine oils consist of approximately 80 per centum refined rough oil (called base oil). The remaining xx percentage are additives that serve numerous purposes, such as enhancing base oil properties, suppressing certain base of operations oil properties, and adding new properties to the formulation. Usually, these additives are what distinctly split one crankcase oil production from another.

• Crankcase oils protect engines by:

• Creating a thin layer of lubricating motion picture between the metallic surfaces that slide or whorl confronting each other. This layer reduces friction and article of clothing.

• Reducing the buildup of internal sludge and deposits.

• Transporting or dispersing contaminants such as dirt, sludge, soot, and metallic particles. These contaminants are removed when the oil passes through the filters.

• Transferring the heat generated by the engine into the "cooler" oil circulation.

• Protecting metal surfaces from rust and corrosion.

• Improving fuel economy by decreasing friction between moving parts.

• Helping the oil pump evangelize the correct value of oil more than finer by reducing the amount of bubbled air throughout the torso of the oil and foam or barm.

• Conditioning engine seals to reduce leaks.

• Maintaining acceptable viscosities (thicknesses) for hot and cold operating temperatures.

And y'all thought oil was but for lubrication!

Understand the Four Types of Oil

When y'all shop for motor oils, at that place are 4 group numbers as defined by the American Petroleum Plant (API). The groups (1 through four) refer to how refined each product is — the almost highly refined oils are API Grouping 4.

Most often, y'all volition see four types of oil on the shelf, and the API Group number assigned to each type depends on the particular product. The well-nigh common oil types (and their API Group numbers) are:

Conventional. Conventional base oils are generally classified as API Grouping 2, which ways they are highly refined from crude oil. In the past, we but used Group 1 motor oils, and a few conventional formulations equally base oils. Now in that location are even further refined oils known every bit Grouping 3.

Synthetic. Refiners manufacture synthetic oils using ethylene gas that is extracted from natural gas. Unlike the refined conventional base oils, synthetic oils are costless of contaminants. These are mainly classified as Group 4 oils.

Blends. Synthetic oil blends are made by combining oils from API Groups 2, iii, and 4. Past definition, these blends cannot contain more than 30 percent synthetic oil.

High-mileage. High-mileage motor oils are formulated for vehicles with 75,000 or more miles. These oils contain specific additives, including seal enhancers, to mitigate internal or external leaks oftentimes associated with older engines. Some of these additives work by causing the gaskets, O-rings, and other seals to swell slightly.

Make the Oil Piece of work for You

Brand sure to change oil and filters at the intervals the manufacturer recommends. If you wait to alter the oil, information technology's non a linear degradation. In other words, there is a precipitous autumn-off in engine oil performance. If you lot are a short-trip driver, it is probably beneficial to change the oil more than frequently. If y'all are a long-haul driver, you can extend the oil change somewhat. If the vehicle is newer you lot can extend it. If the vehicle is older, then it volition require more frequent oil changes. Many factors influence an oil's life expectancy, but at the end of the day, you need to modify the oil and filter at timely intervals to avoid permanent engine harm.

Temperature Controls the Viscosity

Temperature determines how easily an oil will period through an engine and the thickness of the oil lubricating films. The temperature inside a gasoline or diesel engine can reach 300ºF or greater for brief moments. This is of import, considering at higher temperatures, oils become sparse and flow more like h2o.

In fact, the oil tin get so thin that it cannot provide the oil-film thickness that separates the 2 moving surfaces information technology is trying to protect. Most parts need to basically "hydroplane," only as worn tires on a wet pavement do. Engines need a minimum viscosity to achieve the separation betwixt parts, just the specific viscosity engines demand is based on the specific parts, engines, temperatures, speed, and loading.

When information technology'due south cold, oil can thicken and menstruation more like molasses. When you start an engine under these cold conditions, the oil rest that is protecting your engine components is what was left when you last turned off the engine. When you lot kickoff an engine in cold atmospheric condition, there is a cursory moment when fresh oil from the oil pan does not flow and circulate in all zones of the engine. It takes more than time for the oil to move from the oil pan to fill some vacated cavities, lines, and components that might have been drained slowly while the engine was at rest.

During start upwards, in that location might be metal-on-metal contact — there may be fifty-fifty more if you are using the incorrect oil. This is called a dry out get-go status, and is the source of a high per centum of all engine wearable. This is why manufacturers recommend that you exercise not operate your common cold engine at a high RPM until the engine oil pressure approximate rises and stabilizes for several seconds.

Testing Engine Oil

Whether they have fleet vehicles or tractors, many operators will exam their oil to come across if they contain whatever antifreeze, soot, fuel, chrome, or other contaminants that tin can damage the engine and affect oil performance. What yous find in an oil sample analysis allows yous to make up one's mind whether to alter your engine oil and filters earlier or later based on the oil'south condition. Y'all can too use test results to identify a potential problem before it becomes a costly one. For example, if a exam reveals that the oil contains chrome, then that may indicate aberrant clothing with bearings. Contact your oil supplier to determine if they volition test oil or recommend someone who can.

Engineers measure how an engine oil flows across a range of operating temperatures by assigning information technology a Viscosity Index (Half dozen) rating. Viscosity measures the time information technology takes for oil to flow through a standard opening such as an orifice or capillary. Left unaltered, an oil can catamenia like water (depression viscosity) when information technology is at high temperatures, or it tin can menstruum like syrup (high viscosity) when it is at cold temperatures.

Call back of pouring dear afterwards letting it sit in the refrigerator overnight. The honey will thicken to the betoken that it barely moves when y'all turn the jar upside downward. If you put the aforementioned honey in a microwave and heat information technology upwardly for a infinitesimal, information technology will flow like water.

Petroleum engineers and chemists codify oils to accomplish 2 major goals:

one. To be thick plenty to provide a lubricating picture at hot temperatures

2. To be thin enough at cold temperatures to move quickly from the oil pan into and through the engine'due south moving parts

They can accomplish these goals by using additives called viscosity alphabetize improvers in engine oils. Synthetic lubricants require fewer of these additives, because they have naturally high VIs. The higher the Six, the less viscosity changes with the temperature.

Are Synthetics Improve Than Convetionals?

A Consumers Wedlock study examined the differences between conventional and synthetic oils in New York City taxi cabs. One-half the taxis used conventional motor oil, the other half used synthetic oils. The researchers inverse the oil in all taxis at the regular scheduled maintenance intervals. All taxis were driven for 100,000 miles, and then the researchers evaluated the internal engine parts for wear or deposits. The researchers ended that there were no differences in habiliment betwixt the engines that used conventional oils and those that used synthetic oils as long equally the taxis received their routine oil changes. There is a consensus that synthetic motor oils may help under extreme weather condition — such as when owners do not regularly change filters and oils. Another scenario is when the engine coolant may exist weak. These and other extreme conditions might be instances when synthetic oils could outperform a conventional motor oil. Under normal maintenance, driving, and operating conditions, the report ended there are little differences between conventional and synthetic motor oil.

How to Decode Oil Labels

When you expect at engine oil labels, there are 2 items to look for:

one. The SAE form

2. The API service rating

The SAE Course

The Gild of Automotive Engineers (SAE) created a numerical numbering organization that converts the common units of viscosity (centistoke, cSt) to a numerical system that describes the oil'southward grade.

Thicker oils have higher viscosity ratings. In practice, the higher the viscosity rating, the college the SAE number volition exist for that oil. The SAE ratings motion in steps (non linearly).

Oil containers may expect alike, but what's inside is very different from ane motor oil to the next.

You lot tin can easily find the SAE grade on a circular emblem that'due south by and large on the back of a container characterization. In the middle of the keepsake is the viscosity grade, which is the aforementioned number institute on the front of the oil container. In the photo shown on this page, the SAE grade is 5W-30.

The commencement function of an SAE number (such every bit 5W) is sometimes called the front number. The W in the front number does not stand for "weight" (equally many people often refer to it). Rather, the Due west is an abridgement that indicates the oil'south wintertime viscosity.

The showtime number in the SAE class (sometimes called the forepart number) has naught to do with how tight the engine is built or the tolerances. But the back number has everything to do with both of those factors. The first number is the start-up viscosity in cold weather. Once the engine thermostat opens, the back number is the viscosity that is protecting the engine.

The first number in the SAE class (sometimes called the front number) has cipher to do with how tight the engine is congenital or the tolerances. Merely the back number has everything to do with both of those factors. The first number is the start-upwards viscosity in cold weather. Once the engine thermostat opens, the back number is the viscosity that is protecting the engine.

In an SAE number, the front number is betwixt 0W and 25W (OW, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, and 25W). The smaller the front end number, the thinner the oil is at colder temperatures, which allows the engine to crank more easily and the oil to flow more readily.

The role of the SAE number that follows the West is called the back number. The back number is the SAE viscosity grade at college operating temperatures (defined every bit 210ºF). There are eight oil viscosity ratings for these college temperatures: viii, 12, 16, 20, 30, forty, 50, 60. The higher the back number, the thicker the oil remains at the higher temperatures, which can protect engine parts against wearable from friction.

In short, an oil is often assigned two viscosities that depend on temperature. Oils that have these two viscosities are called "multi-form" oils. The oil will take a lower viscosity rating at common cold temperatures (for engine startup) and deport as an oil with a higher viscosity at hot temperatures for amend coating and protection of moving parts in the engine.

Whatsoever oil volition withal flow easier as the temperature increases, even though the wintertime value is lower than the second value. In order to assign the 2 values (for instance, 5W-30), lubricant formulators test the oil extensively to verify that it meets the requirements of both a 5W at colder temperatures and thirty oil at warmer temperatures. These tests go way beyond common viscosity measurements.

Now, permit'south compare the numbers that follow the W (the back number).

Information technology should at present make sense that an SAE-rated 5W-30 motor oil has the aforementioned viscosity of a 10W-thirty oil at higher temperatures. The divergence between these 2 oils is that the 5W-30 is thinner at colder temperatures than the 10W-30 oil. A 10W-thirty oil will perform like an SAE 10W oil at lower temperatures, while the 5W-30 will perform more similar an SAE 5W oil.

Well-nigh engines require multi-grade oil because of extreme engine temperatures (common cold or hot). Nonetheless, many pieces of equipment (such equally lawn mower engines) tin can easily utilise an oil with a unmarried grade of oil (such as SAE-xxx). These single grade oils are recommended when internal temperatures exercise not vary much between the highest and lowest temperatures, or when the engine is mostly used in warm weather when ambient temperatures are not as cold.

Allow's await at a real case.

Say that you drive a pickup truck for your daily driving. The owner's manual recommends that you use a 5W-20 oil. But you begin to regularly pull a trailer with a heavy load. Under these conditions, the owner'due south manual might recommend a 5W-xxx oil.

Can yous now explain why?

The answer is that you need a heavy oil when the engine is working harder, which in turn will atomic number 82 to higher internal temperatures of the engine. Many owner's manuals for both vehicles and for pocket-size engines (similar lawn mowers) include tables to help you option the right oil weight based on climate and expected use.

What's Wrong with This Argument?

"That 5W-30 oil is too thin. Instead, let's utilise the 10W-30 motor oil." The back number (thirty) is the same on both oils, which means they have the same viscosity at higher temperatures every bit oils tend to thin. What's wrong is that the two oils perform the same at high temperatures.

The API Service Rating

The round emblem on the back of a motor oil container will likewise contain the American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Nomenclature. The API code forms the top of the circle. Every bit engine technology has advanced, the oils they require had to change to meet temperature, tolerances, and metals used in their construction. In addition, manufacturers now incorporate additives into the oil for better performance.

There are two general categories of an API service rating:

1. S for spark-ignited or service engines for cars and trucks that use gasoline.

2. C for compression-ignited diesel engines.

Never use an API oil classified for a gasoline engine (South) into a diesel engine, because they do non have the additives diesel fuel engines require. Information technology is best to stick with the oil designed for gasoline engines at to the lowest degree as long as the equipment or vehicle is under warranty. Some lubricants are formulated for both.

For diesel engine oils, the starting time oils were API coded CA, and they have evolved to CK.

After the letter will be a number, typically a 4 or two. The 4 indicates a 4-stroke engine while a ii indicates a two-stroke engine.

We do not recommend later on-market additives for engine oils without start checking with your engine manufacturer. If the formulators would have felt there was a need for additional additives and chemistries, they would have added them to the engine oil to begin with. What'southward more, additives could void vehicle and equipment warranties.

Don't Forget the Oil Filter

Many operators never requite the oil filter a 2nd thought — as if it isn't very important to an engine. It's common to supervene upon the used engine oil with a high-quality oil, then turn around and pick the cheapest filter possible. Some even endeavor to save money by replacing the filter every other oil change. So, information technology might come every bit a surprise that if yous had to choose between buying a better oil or a ameliorate filter, it is ofttimes ameliorate to spend coin on a better filter.

Remember that the master purpose of oil is to coat metallic parts that move. While oil circulates throughout the engine, it will option upward small pieces of droppings that can wedge into narrow gaps. The debris that lodges between moving parts can pit and abrade metal. This circumvents the protection the oil is supposed to provide.

The oil and filter must work together to protect the engine from these microscopic, abrasive metal flakes that are by-products of combustion, clay, and grit. If you install a less effective filter, or leave a filter on too long, information technology can be merely every bit bad as operating an engine with oil past its prime.

An under performing filter can negate the protection a premium oil provides, and and so accelerate engine article of clothing, affect reliability, and diminish service life. The takeaway message is that an oil's ability to protect the moving parts in an engine from wear is simply every bit good equally the filter and its power to remove contaminants from that oil.

Expanded View of a Typical Oil Filter

The filter capture efficiency measures how effectively the filter removes debris from oil. A filter also has to accept enough property capacity to retain all the droppings until the next oil and filter change. Vehicles that operate in dusty environments might be amend off with filters that have considerably higher clay-holding capacity or those operators might change filters more frequently.

Have intendance not to innovate external debris from oil fill up devices. This may seem like a minor particular, but in fact, it is very of import.

To amend understand how a filter removes and retains particles, it'southward of import to empathise the filter'southward pattern and how oil moves in and out of the canister.

How Oil Flows

The filter is located betwixt the oil pump and engine. When the engine is running, it first pulls oil from the bottom of the oil pan through a wire fabric strainer, and so pumps it to the filter. Once to the filter, the oil volition laissez passer under force per unit area through the smaller inlet port that forms a concentric circle around the opening at the top of the filter.

Most oil filters take an outside to inside flow. Oil starts on the outside of the pleated filter elements and flows in to the center tube. The pleated filter medium can be made of paper, drinking glass fibers, or a blend of both.

Inside the filter, the oil follows the path of to the lowest degree resistance — it first goes through the largest pores of the filter paper (media) and into the perforated middle tube. Over time, as the larger pores become blocked, the oil is forced through smaller pores until all of the pores are plugged. The filtered oil will get out through the center port and on to the engine through a series of manifolds to achieve different parts of the engine. Oil and then flows downward into the pan by gravity where it begins the journey again.

A mechanical accommodation built into engines is to reroute the oil flow when the filter gets chock-full. There is a fail-safe bypass value on the engine cake only in case the flow is severely reduced from a clogged filter. This allows oil to continually flow even when the filter is plugged. It'southward important to remember that the oil lubricating the engine will exist unfiltered when information technology is in this bypass mode.

Dirt-holding Capacity and Capture Efficiency

It'southward truthful that oil moving through a filter is more or less universal, simply that doesn't mean all filters are created equal when information technology comes to capturing and retaining droppings from the oil. How efficient an oil filter is can vary sharply betwixt manufacturers, and even between brands offered past a single visitor (in other words, upkeep-priced filters and high-performance filters). One thing is sure: Just because you run into the filter described every bit "deluxe," "loftier-operation," "super-efficient," or merely "darn expert" it doesn't mean you're getting a premium product.

There are 2 criteria that influence oil filter performance and price:

1. Dirt-holding capacity

ii. Capture efficiency

Both of these properties are determined when the filter is tested using ISO 4548-12—Methods of Examination for Full-flow Lubricating Oil Filters for Internal Combustion Engines. This ISO testing procedure provides important details that allow united states of america to brand side-by-side comparisons of different filters.

Clay-Holding Capacity

A filter'south dirt-holding capacity defines how long the filter will function before it goes into bypass mode. Filters used with synthetic oils that are rated for fifteen,000 miles will obviously stay in utilize longer, so they must be able to hold more than than a filter that is designed to exist replaced at intervals of 3,000 or v,000 miles. When you purchase or select a filter, one approach is to purchase a filter that is rated for the miles you lot expect to bulldoze between oil changes with sufficient margin for error. Don't forget to consider dusty weather condition when looking at a filter (if it will be dusty, in that location will be more dirt to collect).

Another approach is to find out how much debris the filter can trap. The ISO exam measures the grams of debris the filter tin collect before information technology no longer functions. You'll find large differences between filters that can capture 14 grams of dirt and those that can capture 28 grams. A filter that can hold twice the amount of droppings is often more expensive.

During the ISO test, technicians progressively introduce laboratory test dust upstream of the filter. They monitor oil pressure, which will ascension slightly as the filter loads with dirt. Once information technology reaches the terminal pressure level driblet (determined by the filter maker), they terminate the test. They summate the total amount of clay removed by the filter from the total corporeality that they introduced.

Capture Efficiency

Another of import measure out of oil filter quality is known equally the beta ratio. This measure describes the filter's particle capture efficiency at different sizes. Manufacturers use different average pore sizes for the filter's media. The media crave finer pore sizes to remove the smaller, micron-sized particles. Those finer pores can be more expensive than coarser media that have larger pores.

The test conditions for determining the beta ratio are the aforementioned equally the conditions for the capture efficiency. The two tests occur at the same fourth dimension. During the exam (done on a laboratory examination stand), oil flows from the exam reservoir though the filter and back to the same reservoir.

While technicians add together the controlled stream of laboratory test dust, a pair of special sensors (called particle counters) are positioned upstream and downstream of the filter. Because the filter removes particles of various sizes, the concentration of particles that are upstream of the filter volition e'er be higher than the concentration downstream.

The beta ratio is the ratio of these two concentrations:

For any given particle size (such every bit 10 micrometers) the higher the beta ratio, the better the filter's capture efficiency. For case, if ten particles greater than 10 microns (micrometers) are counted upstream of the filter and but one of these particles is counted downstream, then the beta ratio is 10 (10/ane).

You can convert the Beta Ratio to efficiency as:

The beta ratio and the capture efficiency take no value unless nosotros know precisely the size of the microns being evaluated in the examination (10 microns for instance). Working motion-picture show clearance betwixt the piston ring and cylinder wall in engines is extremely small — perchance as piddling equally 10 microns. Debris in the x-micron range tin can cut or scratch metallic as the particles coil betwixt opposing surfaces. Particles larger than x microns will not fit into the smaller gaps and will exist swept aside. Smaller particles volition generally flow through the gap with the oil.

Consider that a standard oil filter removes particles that are larger than 40 microns. It's been demonstrated that particles that average x microns can produce four times more wear on rods, rings, and bearings than particles larger than 20 microns.

Tin can you run across the problem?

General Motors reported that a filter that captures 30-micron particles or larger reduced engine wear past 50 percent over a xl-micron filter. A 15-micron filter reduces engine wear by lxx per centum over a xl-micron filter.

This is why experts often measure and report capture efficiency based on how well the filter removes ten-micron particles or larger. It is worth noting that this performance belongings is a large component of the premium price you're paying for high-stop filtration.

Back to the capture efficiency. A filter that has a 95 percent capture efficiency of particles larger than 20 microns means it will remove 95 percentage of particles that are equal to or larger than 20 microns on a unmarried pass.

Table 1. Beta Ratio and Efficiency

Experts generally agree that an oil filter should have a beta ratio of 100, which is a 99 per centum capture efficiency for x-micron or larger particles (100-1/100 = .99 10 100 = 99%; see Tabular array 1).

Dissimilar the markings on an oil container, finding information most a filter'due south beta ratio and capture efficiency is often difficult to locate on the filter'south package or manufacturer'due south website. Most likely, y'all will have to ask the supplier for the capture efficiency and beta ratio of the filters you purchase. But the respond to this single question could greatly prolong the life of your equipment.

Properly Dispose of All Products

Information technology goes without saying that we all need to dispose of used oil and oil filters so that we exercise not contaminate state or water. Ane quart of oil has the potential to contaminate up to 250,000 gallons of drinking water or produce an oil moving-picture show over a two-acre pond. With the loftier risk for affecting water, mismanaging used oil drained from an engine or oil remaining in a filter or jug is not an pick.

Always completely drain oil containers and filters earlier dispensing of them in in the trash.

Anybody should shop used oil for proper disposal.

The key to properly managing oil filters is to completely drain them before disposal.

Fifty-fifty small deportment (such as making sure that y'all completely drain devices or funnels) volition assist keep the surround cleaner.

Determination

The oil and filters you cull profoundly bear upon your equipment's reliability and life expectancy.

If you intend to run equipment to the end of its useful life or extend its normal service life, then you really need to brainwash yourself about the oils and filters you use in that equipment. Consider the coin you have invested in purchasing trucks, sprayers, mowers, planters, combines, and other equipment. That investment should convince you that knowing more about the oils and filters yous employ to protect that equipment is a loftier priority.

You can get inexpensive and salvage coin now. Simply in the long run, it may cost more when your equipment breaks downwards and is prematurely damaged due to the incorrect oil or and under performing filter.

You lot can but equally hands overspend on exotic oils and fancy oil filters that deliver lilliputian render on investment — or the do good volition only be gained past the next owner of the equipment later you sell it.

This is why it is important to remember: Select lubricants more on what the lubricant is designed to practice rather than its cost.

Call up operation get-go, cost second. By making ameliorate selections, y'all should expect increased fuel economy, lessened emissions, and extended life expectancy of equipment.

Oils accept come a long way since the 1960s. They last longer and maintain their viscosity ameliorate under strenuous conditions. But choosing the wrong oil for the wrong application can exist costly. Read the owner's manual for your vehicle to be certain y'all purchase oil, and realize what all the numbers on the jug of oil mean before you dump but any quondam oil into your equipment.

Going cheap and saving money in the short run may cost you big in the long run!

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Dawn Minns for graphic design. Thanks too to the following individuals who provided valuable comments and suggestions that improved this publication.

Tom Bechman, Indiana Prairie Farmer
Dave Bordner, Bordner's Truck Repair and Alignment
Dennis Mungle, CountryMark
Jud Scott, Consulting Arborist, LLC
Brad Shelton, Purdue Academy

Authors

Fred Whitford, Managing director, Purdue Pesticide Programs
Jim Fitch, Main Executive Officeholder, Noria Corporation
Dennis Nowaskie, Superintendent, Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center
John Lumkes, Professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University
Kevin Leigh Smith, Standing Lecturer and Communication Specialist, Purdue Agricultural Sciences Education and Communication

Disclaimer

This publication is intended for educational purposes simply. The authors' views have not been approved by any government agency, business, or individual and cannot exist construed as representing a perspective other than that of the authors. The publication is distributed with the understanding that the authors are not rendering legal or other professional advice to the reader, and that the information contained herein should not be regarded or relied upon equally a substitute for professional person consultation. The use of information independent herein constitutes an agreement to concur the authors, companies or reviewers harmless for liability, damage, or expense incurred every bit a event of reference to or reliance upon the information provided. Mention of a proprietary product or service does not constitute an endorsement by the authors or their employers. Descriptions of specific situations are included only every bit hypothetical example studies to assistance readers of this publication, and are not intended to represent whatever actual person, business entity or situation. Reference in this publication to whatever specific commercial product, process, or service, or the use of any trade, business firm, or corporation proper noun is for full general informational purposes only and does not institute an endorsement, recommendation, or certification of whatever kind by Purdue University. Individuals using such products assume responsibility that the product is used in a way intended past the manufacturer and misuse is neither endorsed nor condoned past the authors nor the manufacturer.

Find Out More than

Purdue Pesticide Programs offer a number of publications on related topics to help you lot manage your operations improve. All publications are available from the Purdue Extension Instruction Store: edustore.purdue.edu 765-494-6749

Do All Small Engines Have Oil Filters,

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